SEJARAH
| National Movements | Japanese Occupation | The Birth of the Republic | Pergerakan Nasional | Pendudukan Jepang | Kelahiran Republik
The Birth of the Republic Kelahiran Republik
The Republic of Indonesia first saw light on August 17, 1945, when its independence was proclaimed just days after the Japanese surrender to the Allies. Republik Indonesia pertama kali melihat cahaya pada 17 Agustus 1945, ketika kemerdekaan diproklamasikan hanya beberapa hari setelah Jepang menyerah kepada Sekutu. Pancasila became the ideological and philosophical basis of the Republic, and on August 18, 1945 the Constitution was adopted as the basic law of the country. Pancasila menjadi dasar ideologis dan filosofis Republik, dan pada 18 Agustus 1945 Konstitusi diadopsi sebagai hukum dasar negara.
Following the provisions of the Constitution, the country is headed by a President who is also the Chief Executive. Mengikuti ketentuan konstitusi, negara ini dipimpin oleh seorang Presiden yang juga Ketua Eksekutif. He is assisted by a Vice-President and a cabinet of ministers. Dia dibantu oleh seorang Wakil-Presiden dan menteri kabinet.
The sovereignty of the people rests with the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR). Kedaulatan rakyat ada pada Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR). Hence, the President is accountable to the MPR. Oleh karena itu, Presiden bertanggung jawab kepada MPR. The legislative power is vested in the House of Representatives (DPR). Kekuasaan legislatif diberikan di Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR). Other institutions of the state are the Supreme Court, the Supreme Advisory Council and the Supreme Audit Board. Lembaga lain dari negara adalah Mahkamah Agung, Dewan Pertimbangan Agung dan Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan.
Soekarno became the first President and Chief Executive, and Mohammad Hatta, the first Vice-President of the Republic. Soekarno menjadi presiden pertama dan Chief Executive, dan Mohammad Hatta, yang pertama Wakil-Presiden Republik. On September 5, 1945 the first cabinet was formed. Pada 5 September 1945, kabinet pertama dibentuk.
The Republic of Indonesia first saw light on August 17, 1945, when its independence was proclaimed just days after the Japanese surrender to the Allies. Republik Indonesia pertama kali melihat cahaya pada 17 Agustus 1945, ketika kemerdekaan diproklamasikan hanya beberapa hari setelah Jepang menyerah kepada Sekutu. Pancasila became the ideological and philosophical basis of the Republic, and on August 18, 1945 the Constitution was adopted as the basic law of the country. Pancasila menjadi dasar ideologis dan filosofis Republik, dan pada 18 Agustus 1945 Konstitusi diadopsi sebagai hukum dasar negara.
Following the provisions of the Constitution, the country is headed by a President who is also the Chief Executive. Mengikuti ketentuan konstitusi, negara ini dipimpin oleh seorang Presiden yang juga Ketua Eksekutif. He is assisted by a Vice-President and a cabinet of ministers. Dia dibantu oleh seorang Wakil-Presiden dan menteri kabinet.
The sovereignty of the people rests with the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR). Kedaulatan rakyat ada pada Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR). Hence, the President is accountable to the MPR. Oleh karena itu, Presiden bertanggung jawab kepada MPR. The legislative power is vested in the House of Representatives (DPR). Kekuasaan legislatif diberikan di Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR). Other institutions of the state are the Supreme Court, the Supreme Advisory Council and the Supreme Audit Board. Lembaga lain dari negara adalah Mahkamah Agung, Dewan Pertimbangan Agung dan Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan.
Soekarno became the first President and Chief Executive, and Mohammad Hatta, the first Vice-President of the Republic. Soekarno menjadi presiden pertama dan Chief Executive, dan Mohammad Hatta, yang pertama Wakil-Presiden Republik. On September 5, 1945 the first cabinet was formed. Pada 5 September 1945, kabinet pertama dibentuk.
- The War of Independence Perang Kemerdekaan
The infant republic was soon faced with military threats to its very existence. Republik bayi segera dihadapkan dengan ancaman militer untuk keberadaannya. British troops landed in Indonesia as a contingent of the Allied Forces to disarm the Japanese. Pasukan Inggris mendarat di Indonesia sebagai kontingen pasukan Sekutu untuk melucuti Jepang. Dutch troops also seized this opportunity to land in the country, but for a different purpose, - namely, to regain control of the former East Indies. Pasukan Belanda juga menyita kesempatan ini untuk tanah di negeri ini, tapi untuk tujuan yang berbeda, - yaitu, untuk mendapatkan kembali kendali atas bekas Hindia Timur. At the beginning they were assisted by British troops under General Christison, a fact later admitted by Lord Louis Mountbatten, the Commander of the Allied Forces in Southeast Asia based in Myanmar. Pada awal mereka dibantu oleh pasukan Inggris di bawah Jenderal Christison, fakta yang kemudian diakui oleh Lord Louis Mountbatten, Panglima Tentara Sekutu di Asia Tenggara yang berbasis di Myanmar. In fact, the British troops were officially only assigned to the task of repatriating Allied prisoners of war and internees. Pada kenyataannya, pasukan Inggris secara resmi hanya ditugaskan untuk tugas pemulangan tawanan perang Sekutu dan interniran.
On November 10, 1945, fierce fighting broke out between British troops and Indonesian freedom fighters in which the British lost Brigadier Mallaby. Pada tanggal 10 November 1945, pecah pertempuran sengit antara pasukan Inggris dan pejuang kemerdekaan Indonesia di mana hilang Inggris Brigadir Mallaby. As a result, the British turned to an all-out combat from the sea, air and land. Akibatnya, Inggris berbalik ke pertempuran habis-habisan dari laut, udara dan tanah. The newly-recruited army of the Republic soon realized the superiority of the British forces and withdrew from urban battles. They subsequently formed guerrilla units and fought together with armed groups of the people. Yang baru direkrut Republik tentara segera menyadari keunggulan pasukan Inggris dan menarik diri dari pertempuran perkotaan. Mereka kemudian membentuk unit-unit gerilya dan bertempur bersama dengan kelompok-kelompok bersenjata rakyat.
Under the pretext of representing the Allied Forces, the Dutch sent in more troops to attack Indonesian strongholds. Dalih mewakili Sekutu, Belanda mengirimkan lebih banyak pasukan untuk menyerang benteng Indonesia. Between 1945 and 1949 they undertook two military actions Antara tahun 1945 dan 1949 mereka melakukan dua tindakan militer - Diplomacy and Fighting Diplomasi dan Fighting
Meanwhile, on November 11, 1945, Vice-President Hatta issued a manifesto that outlined the basic policy of the new Republic. Sementara itu, pada 11 November 1945, Wakil Presiden Hatta mengeluarkan sebuah manifesto yang digariskan kebijakan dasar Republik baru. It was a policy of good neighborhood and peace 22 with the rest of the world. Itu adalah kebijakan lingkungan yang baik dan perdamaian 22 dengan seluruh dunia. On November 14 of the same year, the newly-appointed Prime Minister, Sutan Syahrir, introduced a parliamentary system, with party representation, in the Republic. Pada 14 November tahun yang sama, yang baru diangkat Perdana Menteri, Sutan Syahrir, memperkenalkan sistem parlementer, dengan perwakilan partai, di Republik.
On December 22, Sutan Syahrir announced Indonesia's acceptance of the British proposal to disarm and confine to internment camps 25,000 Japanese troops throughout the country. Pada 22 Desember, Sutan Syahrir mengumumkan Indonesia yang menerima proposal Inggris untuk melucuti dan membatasi ke kamp interniran 25.000 tentara Jepang di seluruh negeri. This task was successfully carried out by TNI, the Indonesian National Army. Tugas ini berhasil dilakukan oleh TNI, Tentara Nasional Indonesia. Repatriation of the Japanese troops began on April 28, 1946. Pemulangan tentara Jepang mulai pada 28 April 1946. Because fighting with the Dutch troops continued, the seat of the Republican Government was moved from Jakarta to Yogyakarta on January 4, 1946. Karena pertempuran dengan pasukan Belanda melanjutkan, tempat kedudukan Pemerintah Republik dipindahkan dari Jakarta ke Yogyakarta pada tanggal 4 Januari 1946. - The Indonesian Question in the United Nations Persoalan Indonesia di Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa
The war in Indonesia posed a threat to international peace and security. In the spirit of article 24 of the United Nations' Charter, the question of Indonesia was officially brought before the Security Council by Jacob Malik of the Soviet Unions. Perang di Indonesia menjadi ancaman bagi perdamaian dan keamanan internasional. Dalam semangat pasal 24 dari Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 'Piagam, pertanyaan tentang Indonesia secara resmi diajukan ke Dewan Keamanan oleh Jacob Malik dari Uni Soviet. Soon afterwards, on February 10, 1946, the first official meeting of Indonesian and Dutch representatives took place under the chairmanship of Sir Archibald Clark Kerr. Lama kemudian, pada tanggal 10 Februari 1946, pertemuan resmi pertama dari wakil-wakil Indonesia dan Belanda berlangsung di bawah pimpinan Sir Archibald Clark Kerr. But the freedom fight continued and Dutch military aggressions met with stiff resistance from Indonesian troops. Tetapi kebebasan berjuang terus dan agresi militer Belanda bertemu dengan kaku perlawanan dari pasukan Indonesia.
The Indonesian Government conducted a diplomatic offensive against the Dutch. Pemerintah Indonesia melakukan ofensif diplomatik melawan Belanda. With the good offices of Lord Killearn of Great Britain, Indonesian and Dutch representatives met at Linggarjati in West Java. Dengan kantor-kantor baik Lord Killearn Britania Raya, Indonesia dan Belanda bertemu di Linggarjati perwakilan di Jawa Barat. The negotiations resulted in the de facto recognition by the Dutch of Indonesia's sovereignty over Java, Sumatra and Madura. Perundingan menghasilkan pengakuan de facto oleh Belanda dari kedaulatan Indonesia atas Jawa, Sumatera dan Madura. The Linggarjati Agreement was initiated on November 1946 and signed on March 25, 1947. Perjanjian Linggarjati dimulai pada November 1946 dan ditandatangani pada tanggal 25 Maret 1947.
But the agreement was a violation of Indonesia's independence proclamation of August 17, 1945, which implied sovereignty over the whole territory of the Republic. Tetapi perjanjian itu merupakan pelanggaran terhadap proklamasi kemerdekaan Indonesia 17 Agustus 1945, yang tersirat kedaulatan atas seluruh wilayah Republik. As such, it met with the widespread disapproval of the people. Karena itu, ia bertemu dengan ketidaksetujuan luas rakyat. Hence, guerrilla fighting continued, bringing heavy pressure on Dutch troops. Oleh karena itu, berperang gerilya melanjutkan, membawa tekanan berat pada pasukan Belanda. In July 1947 the Dutch launched a military offensive to reinforce their urban bases and to intensify their attacks on guerrilla strongholds. Pada bulan Juli 1947, Belanda melancarkan serangan militer untuk memperkuat basis perkotaan mereka dan untuk mengintensifkan serangan gerilya mereka benteng. The offensive was, however, put to end by the signing of the Renville Agreement on January 17, 1948. Serangan itu, bagaimanapun, taruh untuk mengakhiri dengan penandatanganan Perjanjian Renville pada 17 Januari 1948. The negotiation was initiated by India and Australia and took place under the auspices of the UN Security Council. Negosiasi ini diprakarsai oleh India dan Australia dan berlangsung di bawah naungan Dewan Keamanan PBB.
It was during these critical moments that the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) stabbed the newly- proclaimed Republic of Indonesia in the back by declaring the formation of the "Indonesian People's Republic" in Madiun, East Java. Ia selama saat-saat yang kritis ini Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) yang baru-menikam Republik Indonesia diproklamasikan di belakang dengan mendeklarasikan pembentukan "Indonesia People's Republic" di Madiun, Jawa Timur. Muso led an attempt to overthrow the Government, but this was quickly stamped out and he was killed. Muso memimpin usaha untuk menggulingkan pemerintah, tapi ini cepat dicap keluar dan ia terbunuh. In violation of the Renville agreement, on December 19, 1948, the Dutch launched their second military aggression. Melanggar perjanjian Renville, pada tanggal 19 Desember 1948, Belanda melancarkan agresi militer kedua mereka. They invaded the Republic capital of Yogyakarta, arrested President Soekarno, Vice-President Mohammad Hatta and other leaders, and detained them on the island of Bangka, off the east coast of Sumatra. Mereka menyerbu ibukota Republik Yogyakarta, ditangkap Presiden Soekarno, Wakil Presiden Mohammad Hatta dan pemimpin lain, dan mereka ditahan di Pulau Bangka, lepas pantai timur Sumatera. A caretaker Government, with headquarters in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, was set up under Syafruddin Prawiranegara. Sebuah Pemerintah pengurus, dengan markas besar di Bukittinggi, Sumatra Barat, itu didirikan di bawah Syafruddin Prawiranegara.
On the initiative of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru of India, a meeting of 19 nations was convened in New Delhi that produced a resolution for submission to the United Nations, pressing for total Dutch surrender of sovereignty to the Republic of Indonesia by January 1, 1950. Atas prakarsa Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru dari India, sebuah pertemuan dari 19 negara yang diselenggarakan di New Delhi yang menghasilkan resolusi untuk diserahkan kepada Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, menekan untuk total Belanda penyerahan kedaulatan kepada Republik Indonesia pada tanggal 1 Januari, 1950. It also pressed for the release of all Indonesian detainees and the return of territories seized during the military actions. Ini juga mendesak pembebasan semua tahanan Indonesia dan kembalinya wilayah disita dalam tindakan militer. On January 28, 1949, the UN Security Council adopted a resolution to establish a cease-fire, the release of Republican leaders and their Yogyakarta. Pada tanggal 28 Januari 1949, Dewan Keamanan PBB mengadopsi resolusi untuk membentuk suatu gencatan senjata, pembebasan pemimpin Republik dan Yogyakarta. The Dutch, however, were adamant and continued to occupy the city of Yogyakarta by ignoring of the Republican Government and the National Army. Belanda, bagaimanapun juga, sangat gigih dan terus menduduki kota Yogyakarta dengan mengabaikan Pemerintah Republik dan Tentara Nasional. They deliberately issued a false statement to the world that the Government and the army of the Republic of Indonesia no longer existed. Mereka dengan sengaja mengeluarkan pernyataan palsu kepada dunia bahwa Pemerintah dan tentara Republik Indonesia tidak lagi ada.
To prove that the Dutch claim was a mere fabrication, Lieutenant Colonel Soeharto led an all-out attack on the Dutch troops in Yogyakarta on March 1, 1949, and occupied the city for several hours. Untuk membuktikan bahwa klaim Belanda itu hanya rekayasa, Letnan Kolonel Soeharto memimpin habis-habisan serangan terhadap pasukan Belanda di Yogyakarta pada tanggal 1 Maret 1949, dan menduduki kota selama beberapa jam. This offensive is recorded in Indonesia's history as "the first of March all-out attack" to show to the world at the time that the Republic and its military were not dead. Serangan ini tercatat dalam sejarah Indonesia sebagai "yang pertama dari bulan Maret serangan habis-habisan" untuk menunjukkan kepada dunia pada saat itu Republik dan militer tidak mati. Consequently, on May 7, 1949, an agreement was signed by Mohammad Roem of Indonesia and Van Rooyen of the Netherlands, to end hostilities, restore the Republican Government in Yogyakarta, and to hold further negotiations at a round table conference under the auspices of the United Nations. Akibatnya, pada 7 Mei 1949, sebuah perjanjian ditandatangani oleh Mohammad Roem dari Indonesia dan Van Rooyen dari Belanda, untuk mengakhiri permusuhan, mengembalikan Pemerintah Republik di Yogyakarta, dan untuk mengadakan perundingan lebih lanjut di meja bundar konferensi di bawah naungan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. - World Recognition and Indonesia's Sovereignty Pengakuan Dunia dan Indonesia Kedaulatan
The Round Table conference was opened in the Hague on August 23, 1949, under the auspices of the UN. Konferensi Meja Bundar dibuka di Den Haag pada 23 Agustus 1949, di bawah naungan PBB. It was concluded on November 2 with an agreement that Holland was to recognize the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia. Disimpulkan pada 2 November dengan perjanjian bahwa Belanda mengakui kedaulatan Republik Indonesia. On December 27, 1949 the Dutch East Indies ceased to exist. It now became the sovereign Federal Republic of Indonesia with a federal constitution. Pada tanggal 27 Desember 1949 Hindia Belanda tidak lagi ada. Sekarang menjadi kedaulatan Republik Federal Indonesia dengan konstitusi federal. The constitution, inter alia, provided for a parliamentary system in which the cabinet was responsible to Parliament. Konstitusi, antara lain, diberikan untuk sistem parlementer di mana kabinet bertanggung jawab kepada Parlemen. The question of sovereignty over Irian Jaya, formerly West New Guinea, was suspended for further negotiations between Indonesia and the Netherlands. Pertanyaan kedaulatan atas Irian Jaya, West New Guinea sebelumnya, diskors untuk negosiasi lebih lanjut antara Indonesia dan Belanda. This issue remained a perpetual source of conflict between the two countries for more than 13 years. Masalah ini tetap menjadi sumber konflik abadi antara kedua negara selama lebih dari 13 tahun. On September 28, 1950, Indonesia became a member of the United Nations. Pada 28 September 1950, Indonesia menjadi anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. - The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia
On August 17, 1950 the Unitary State of the Republic on Indonesia, as originally proclaimed, was restored. Pada tanggal 17 Agustus 1950 Negara Kesatuan Republik di Indonesia, sebagai awalnya menyatakan, dipulihkan. However, the liberal democratic system of government was retained whereby the cabinet would be accountable to the House of Representatives. Namun, sistem demokrasi liberal pemerintahan dipertahankan dimana kabinet akan bertanggung jawab kepada Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat. This was a source of political instability with frequent changes in government. Ini adalah sumber ketidakstabilan politik dengan banyaknya perubahan dalam pemerintahan. In the absence of a stable government, it was utterly impossible for a newly-independent state to embark on any development program. Dengan tidak adanya pemerintahan yang stabil, itu benar-benar tidak mungkin bagi sebuah negara merdeka baru untuk memulai program pengembangan apapun. With the return of the unitary state, the President once again assumed the duties of Chief Executive and the Mandatary of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly. Dengan kembalinya negara kesatuan, Presiden sekali lagi mengambil tugas Kepala Eksekutif dan Mandataris Sementara MPR. He is assisted by a Vice-President and a cabinet of his own choosing. Dia dibantu oleh seorang Wakil-Presiden dan kabinet memilih sendiri. The Executive is not responsible to the House of Representatives. Eksekutif tidak bertanggung jawab kepada Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat. - Challenges to the Unitary State Tantangan ke Negara Kesatuan
The philosophy behind the Unitary State was that a pluralistic country like Indonesia could only be independent and strong if it was firmly united and integrated. Filosofi di belakang Negara Kesatuan adalah negara yang plural seperti Indonesia hanya bisa mandiri dan kuat, apakah itu tegas bersatu dan terpadu. This was obviously the answer to the Dutch colonial practice of divide and rule. Ini jelas jawaban atas praktek kolonial Belanda memecah belah dan memerintah. Hence, the national motto was "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" as referred to earlier. Oleh karena itu, motto nasional "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" sebagaimana dimaksud sebelumnya. However, no sooner was the Unitary State re-established then it had to face numerous armed rebellions. The Darul Islam rebels under Kartosuwiryo terrorized the countryside of West Java in their move to establish an Islamic State. Namun, tidak lama setelah Negara Kesatuan didirikan kembali maka harus menghadapi berbagai pemberontakan bersenjata. Para pemberontak Darul Islam di bawah Kartosuwiryo meneror pedesaan Jawa Barat dalam bergerak untuk mendirikan sebuah Negara Islam. It took years to stamp them out. Butuh waktu bertahun-tahun untuk cap mereka keluar. Then there was the terrorist APRA band of former Dutch army captain Turco Westerling, which claimed the lives of thousands of innocent people. Lalu ada band APRA teroris mantan tentara Belanda Turco kapten Westerling, yang merenggut nyawa ribuan orang tidak berdosa.
Outside Java, demobilized ex-colonial arm men who remained loyal to the Dutch crown, staged a revolt and proclaimed what they called "the Republic of South Maluku". Di luar Jawa, eks-kolonial didemobilisasikan lengan orang-orang yang tetap setia kepada Belanda mahkota, melancarkan pemberontakan dan menyatakan apa yang mereka sebut "Republik Maluku Selatan". In South Sulawesi an ex-colonial army officer, Andi Aziz, also rebelled. Sulawesi Selatan seorang mantan perwira tentara kolonial, Andi Aziz, juga memberontak. In Kalimantan Ibnu Hadjar led another armed revolt. Ibnu Hadjar di Kalimantan memimpin pemberontakan bersenjata yang lain. Sumatra could also account for a number of separatist movements. And, to complete the list, the Indonesian Communist Party again staged an abortive coup under the name of 30th September movement, when they kidnaped and killed six of the country's top army generals in the early hours of October 1, 1965. Sumatra juga bisa menjelaskan sejumlah gerakan separatis. Dan, untuk melengkapi daftar, Partai Komunis Indonesia kembali melancarkan kudeta yang gagal di bawah nama gerakan 30 September, ketika mereka menculik dan membunuh enam dari negara atas jenderal militer pada awal jam 1 Oktober 1965. - The Asian-African Conference Asia-Afrika
President Soekarno had to his credit the holding of the Asian-African Conference in Bandung, West Java, from April 18 to 24, 1955. Presiden Soekarno kredit kepada holding dari Konferensi Asia Afrika di Bandung, Jawa Barat, dari April 18 hingga 24, 1955. The initiative was taken by Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Myanmar and Ceylon (Sri Lanka). The conference was attended by delegates from 24 Asian and African countries. The purpose of the meeting was to promote closer and amiable cooperation in the economic, cultural and political fields. Inisiatif ini diambil oleh Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Myanmar dan Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Konferensi ini dihadiri oleh delegasi dari 24 negara Asia dan Afrika. Tujuan dari pertemuan ini adalah untuk mempromosikan lebih dekat dan ramah kerjasama di bidang ekonomi, budaya dan bidang politik. The resolution adopted became known as the "Dasa Sila", or "The Ten Principles," of Bandung. It strived for world peace, respect for one another's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and for non-interference in each other's internal affairs. Resolusi diadopsi menjadi dikenal sebagai "Dasa Sila", atau "Sepuluh Prinsip," Bandung. It diupayakan untuk perdamaian dunia, saling menghormati kedaulatan dan integritas wilayah, dan untuk tidak campur tangan dalam setiap urusan internal lain. The resolution also sought to uphold the human rights principles of the United Nations. Resolusi juga berusaha menegakkan prinsip-prinsip hak asasi manusia Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. The Asian-African Conference became the embryo of the Non-Aligned Movement. Asia-Afrika menjadi embrio dari Gerakan Non-Blok. The seeds that sprouted in Bandung took firm root six years later when 25 newly independent countries formally founded the Non-Aligned Movement at the Belgrade Summit of 1961. Benih yang tumbuh di Bandung perusahaan mengambil akar enam tahun kemudian ketika 25 negara secara resmi baru merdeka mendirikan Gerakan Non-Blok di Beograd Summit tahun 1961. Since then the membership of the Movement has grown to its present strength of 112 member countries. Sejak saat itu keanggotaan Gerakan telah berkembang menjadi kekuatan yang sekarang dari 112 negara anggota. - The Beginning Of The New Order Government The Beginning Of The Pemerintah Orde Baru
Over-confident of their strength and precipitated by the serious illness of President Soekarno, who was undergoing treatment by a Chinese medical team from Beijing, the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) attempted another coup on September 30, 1965. Over-yakin pada kekuatan dan dipicu oleh penyakit serius Presiden Soekarno, yang sedang menjalani pengobatan oleh tim medis Cina dari Beijing, Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) mencoba kudeta lain pada 30 September 1965. The uprising, however, was abrupt and quickly stamped out by the Armed Forces under Major General Soeharto, then Chief of the Army's Strategic Command. Pemberontakan Namun, tiba-tiba dan dengan cepat dicap oleh Angkatan Bersenjata di bawah Mayor Jenderal Soeharto, kemudian Kepala Komando Strategis Angkatan Darat. On the night of September 30, or more precisely in the early hours of October 1, 1965, armed PKI men and members of Cakrabirawa, the President's security guard, set out to kidnap, torture and kill six top Army Generals. Pada malam tanggal 30 September, atau lebih tepatnya di dini hari tanggal 1 Oktober 1965, orang-orang bersenjata PKI dan anggota Tjakrabirawa, Presiden satpam, dibentuk untuk menculik, menyiksa dan membunuh enam atas Jenderal Angkatan Darat. Their bodies were dumped in an abandoned well at Lubang Buaya, on the outskirts of Jakarta. Mayat mereka dibuang di sebuah sumur di Lubang Buaya, di pinggiran Jakarta. The coup was staged in the wake of troop deployments to Kalimantan, at the height of Indonesia's confrontation with Malaysia. Kudeta ini diselenggarakan di pasca penyebaran pasukan ke Kalimantan, di puncak konfrontasi Indonesia dengan Malaysia. Moreover, at the time, many cabinet members were attending a celebration of the Chinese October Revolution in Beijing. It was during this power vacuum that the communists struck again. Selain itu, pada saat itu, banyak anggota kabinet menghadiri perayaan Revolusi Oktober Cina di Beijing. Itu adalah kekosongan kekuasaan selama ini bahwa komunis menyerang lagi.
Under instructions from General Soeharto, crack troops of the Army's Commando Regiment (RPKAD) freed the central radio station (RRI) and the telecommunication center from communist occupation. Bawah instruksi dari Jenderal Soeharto, crack pasukan dari Resimen Komando Angkatan Darat (RPKAD) membebaskan pusat stasiun radio (RRI) dan pusat telekomunikasi dari pendudukan komunis. Students made for the streets in militant demonstrations to fight for a three-point claim, or "Tritura," that aimed to ban the PKI, replace Soekarno's cabinet ministers, and reduce the prices of basic necessities. Siswa dibuat untuk jalan-jalan dalam demonstrasi militan untuk memperjuangkan tiga titik klaim, atau "Tritura," yang bertujuan untuk melarang PKI, ganti menteri kabinet Soekarno, dan mengurangi harga-harga kebutuhan dasar. They set up a "street parliament" to gather the demands of the people. Mereka mendirikan sebuah "parlemen jalanan" untuk mengumpulkan tuntutan masyarakat.
Under these explosive conditions, President Soekarno eventually gave in and granted Soeharto full power to restore order and security in the country. Di bawah kondisi ledakan tersebut, Presiden Soekarno akhirnya menyerah dan Pak Harto diberikan kekuatan penuh untuk memulihkan ketertiban dan keamanan di negara. The transfer of power was effected by a presidential order known as "the 11th of March order" of 1966. Pengalihan kekuasaan ini dilakukan oleh perintah presiden yang dikenal sebagai "perintah Maret 11" tahun 1966. Soon afterwards, on March 12, 1966, General Soeharto banned the PKI. Tak lama kemudian, pada 12 Maret 1966, Jenderal Soeharto melarang PKI. This decision was endorsed and sanctioned by virtue of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly Decree No XXV/MPRS/1966. Keputusan ini disahkan dan disetujui berdasarkan Sementara MPR Keputusan No XXV/MPRS/1966. He also formed a new cabinet, but Soekarno remained as Chief Executive. Dia juga membentuk kabinet baru, tetapi Soekarno tetap sebagai Chief Executive. This brought dualism into the cabinet, particularly when Soekarno did not show support for the cabinet's program to establish political and economic stability. Dualisme ini membawa ke dalam kabinet, terutama ketika Soekarno tidak menunjukkan dukungan untuk program kabinet untuk membangun stabilitas politik dan ekonomi. Hence, a special session of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) was convened from March 7-12, 1967. Oleh karena itu, sebuah sesi khusus Sementara MPR (MPRS) diselenggarakan dari Maret 7-12, 1967. The Assembly resolved to relieve Soekarno of his presidential duties and appointed Soeharto as Acting President, pending the election of a new President by an elected People's Consultative Assembly. Majelis memutuskan untuk membebaskan Soekarno dari tugas presiden dan mengangkat Soeharto sebagai Pejabat Presiden, sambil menunggu pemilihan presiden baru yang dipilih oleh Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat. - The New Order Government Pemerintah Orde Baru
Ever since taking office in 1967, the New Order Government of President Soeharto was determined to return constitutional life by upholding the 1945 Constitution in a strict and consistent manner and by respecting Pancasila as the state philosophy and ideology. Sejak menjabat pada tahun 1967, Pemerintah Orde Baru Presiden Soeharto bertekad untuk kembali menegakkan kehidupan konstitusional oleh UUD 1945 secara murni dan konsekuen dan dengan menghormati Pancasila sebagai falsafah negara dan ideologi. To emerge from the political and economic legacy of Soekarno's Old Order, the new government set out to undertake the following: Untuk keluar dari politik dan ekonomi Soekarno warisan dari Orde Lama, pemerintah baru ditetapkan untuk melakukan berikut ini:- To complete the restoration of order and security and to establish political stability. Untuk melengkapi pemulihan ketertiban dan keamanan dan untuk membangun stabilitas politik.
- To carry out economic rehabilitation. Untuk melaksanakan rehabilitasi ekonomi.
- To prepare a plan for national development and execute it with the emphasis on economic development. Untuk mempersiapkan rencana pembangunan nasional dan melaksanakan itu dengan penekanan pada pembangunan ekonomi.
- To end confrontation and normalize diplomatic relations with Malaysia. Untuk mengakhiri konfrontasi dan menormalkan hubungan diplomatik dengan Malaysia.
- To rejoin to the United Nations, which Indonesia had quit in January 1965. Untuk bergabung untuk Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, yang Indonesia telah berhenti pada Januari 1965.
- To consistently pursue an independent and active foreign policy. Secara konsisten mengejar independen dan kebijakan luar negeri aktif.
- To resolve the West Irian question. Untuk menyelesaikan masalah Irian Barat.
- To regain Indonesia's economic credibility overseas. Untuk mendapatkan kembali kredibilitas ekonomi Indonesia di luar negeri.
- To hold general elections once every five years. Untuk mengadakan pemilihan umum setiap lima tahun sekali.
- The Reform Order Government Pemerintah Orde Reformasi
Since the outset of the First Five-Year Development Plan in 1969, Indonesia under the New Order Government of President Soeharto had endeavored to achieve its national devel-opment goals. Sejak awal Pertama Pembangunan Lima Tahun Rencana pada tahun 1969, Indonesia di bawah Pemerintah Orde Baru Presiden Soeharto telah berupaya untuk mencapai devel-opment nasional tujuan. Indonesia, indeed, had been able to achieve substantial progress in various fields which had been enjoyed by the majority of the Indonesian people. Indonesia, memang, telah mampu mencapai kemajuan dalam berbagai bidang yang telah dinikmati oleh mayoritas masyarakat Indonesia. Indonesia had gained success in the national development. Indonesia telah memperoleh kesuksesan dalam pembangunan nasional. Unfortunately, economic crisis, which began with the monetary crisis, struck Indonesia as of July 1997. Sayangnya, krisis ekonomi, yang dimulai dengan krisis moneter, melanda Indonesia sejak Juli 1997.
Since the middle of 1997, the people's standard of living dropped considerably. The de-cline in the people's standard of living was aggravated by various political tensions arising from the 1997 general elections. Sejak pertengahan tahun 1997, rakyat menjatuhkan standar hidup jauh. De-Cline dalam rakyat standar hidup yang diperburuk oleh berbagai ketegangan politik yang timbul dari pemilihan umum 1997. The political system which had been developed since 1966 turned out to be unable to accommodate the dynamism of the aspirations and interests of the community. This led to riots and disturbances. Sistem politik yang telah dikembangkan sejak tahun 1966 ternyata tidak mampu menampung dinamika aspirasi dan kepentingan masyarakat. Hal ini menimbulkan kerusuhan dan gangguan. To a certain extend, they reflected the malfunc-tioning of the political order and of the government, finally causing this situation to develop into a political crisis. Memperpanjang tertentu, mereka mencerminkan malfunc-tioning dari tatanan politik dan pemerintah, akhirnya menyebabkan situasi ini untuk berkembang menjadi krisis politik.
The accumulation of the economic crisis and the political crisis became a triggered factor for crisis in confidence. Akumulasi dari krisis ekonomi dan krisis politik menjadi faktor memicu krisis kepercayaan. This applied not just to officials and state-running institutions, but also began to touch on the system of values and the legal foundations that underpin the state-running institutions. Ini berlaku bukan hanya kepada pejabat dan lembaga-lembaga negara berjalan, tetapi juga mulai menyentuh pada sistem nilai dan dasar hukum yang mendukung negara-lembaga berjalan.
A number of student demonstrations ensued, including the occupation of the People's Consultative Assembly/House of People's Representatives compound. Sejumlah demonstrasi mahasiswa terjadi, termasuk pendudukan MPR / Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat kompleks. They appealed for po-litical and economic reform; demanded President Soeharto to step down and stamp out cor-ruption, collusion and nepotism. Mereka meminta po-litical dan reformasi ekonomi; menuntut Presiden Soeharto untuk turun dan stempel keluar JL-ruption, kolusi dan nepotisme. Critical moments prevailed in the capital, Jakarta, and other towns from 12 to 21 May 1998. Kritis saat menang di ibukota, Jakarta, dan kota-kota lain 12-21 Mei 1998. On 12 May a tragedy happened in the Trisakti University Campus, causing the death of four students. On 18 May the leadership of the House suggested the President resign. The President's effort to accommodate the developing aspirations of the people by forming a re-form cabinet and a reform committee never materialized as there was no adequate support from various circles. 12 May tragedi yang terjadi di Kampus Universitas Trisakti, menyebabkan kematian empat orang mahasiswa. Pada tanggal 18 Mei pimpinan DPR mengusulkan Presiden mengundurkan diri. Upaya Presiden untuk mengakomodasi aspirasi yang berkembang dari masyarakat dengan membentuk membentuk kembali kabinet dan sebuah komite reformasi tidak pernah terwujud karena tidak ada dukungan yang memadai dari berbagai kalangan.
Finally, on 21 May 1998, , President Soeharto, after a 32-year rule of the New Order Government resigned. Akhirnya, pada 21 Mei 1998,, Presiden Soeharto, setelah 32 tahun kekuasaan Pemerintah Orde Baru mengundurkan diri. Pursuant to Article 8 of the 1945 Constitution and the People's Consul-tative Assembly decree no VII/1973, he handed over the country's leadership to Vice-President Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie. Sesuai dengan Pasal 8 UUD 1945 dan Konsul Rakyat Keputusan Majelis tative tidak VII/1973, ia menyerahkan kepemimpinan negara kepada Wakil Presiden Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie.
A day after his installment as the third president, Habibie formed the Reform Development Cabinet. Sehari setelah angsuran sebagai Presiden ketiga, Habibie membentuk Kabinet Reformasi Pembangunan. He picked the ministers from the various political and social forces, including three politicians from the two minority parties, the United Development Party (PPP) and the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI). Dia mengangkat para menteri dari berbagai kekuatan sosial dan politik, termasuk tiga politisi dari kedua partai minoritas, Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP) dan Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI). to provide the needed synergy. untuk memberikan sinergi yang diperlukan.
President BJ Habibie outlined the agenda for reform during his presidency as follows: Presiden BJ Habibie diuraikan agenda reformasi selama masa kepresidenannya sebagai berikut:
1. 1. rooting out corruption, collusion and nepotism, and create a clean government. membasmi korupsi, kolusi dan nepotisme, dan menciptakan pemerintahan yang bersih. 2. 2. reviewing the five political laws upon which the current political system is bound. meninjau lima undang-undang politik di atas mana sistem politik saat ini terikat. They are the laws on mass organization, the House of Representatives (DPR), the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), political parties, regional administrations and elections. Mereka adalah undang-undang mengenai organisasi massa, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR), maka Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR), partai politik, pemerintah daerah dan pemilihan.
3. 3. implementing sweeping reform in all sectors, including in the political, economic, and legal fields, to enable the government to satisfy mounting demands for a strong and clean government. menyapu melaksanakan reformasi di semua sektor, termasuk di bidang politik, ekonomi, dan bidang hukum, untuk memungkinkan pemerintah untuk memenuhi tuntutan mounting yang kuat dan pemerintahan yang bersih.
4. 4. boosting output from the agriculture, agribusiness, exportoriented industry and tourism sectors. meningkatkan output dari pertanian, agribisnis, industri dan pariwisata exportoriented sektor.
5. 5. safeguarding the implementation of the 1998/99 state budget pengamanan pelaksanaan anggaran negara 1998/99
6. 6. accelerating the bank restructuring program mempercepat program restrukturisasi perbankan
7. 7. resolving the problem of corporate foreign debts. menyelesaikan masalah utang luar negeri perusahaan.
8. 8. conducting a special session of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) in November 1998, followed by General Elections on May 1999. melakukan sidang khusus Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR) pada bulan November 1998, diikuti oleh Pemilihan Umum pada Mei 1999.
GENERAL ELECTIONS PEMILIHAN UMUM
The first and only general election ever held during the rule of the Old Order took place in 1955. Pertama dan satu-satunya pemilihan umum yang pernah diadakan pada masa pemerintahan Orde Lama terjadi pada tahun 1955. Even that election did not produce a strong cabinet with a solid back-up in Parliament. Bahkan pemilihan tidak menghasilkan kabinet yang kuat dengan cadangan yang solid di parlemen. On the contrary, because political conditions continued to deteriorate, the President ordered the formation of a Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution. However, as mentioned earlier, this only ended in a total deadlock which led the president to take all the power of the state into his own hands under the pretext of guided democracy. Sebaliknya, karena kondisi politik yang terus memburuk, Presiden memerintahkan pembentukan Majelis Konstituante untuk menyusun konstitusi baru. Namun, seperti yang disebutkan sebelumnya, ini hanya berakhir dalam kebuntuan total yang dipimpin presiden untuk mengambil semua kekuatan negara ke tangannya sendiri dengan dalih dibimbing demokrasi.
Since the birth of the New Order in 1966 seven General Elections had been held, namely in 1971, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997 and the last general election was held in June 7, 1999. Sejak kelahiran Orde Baru pada tahun 1966 tujuh Pemilihan Umum telah dilaksanakan, yaitu pada tahun 1971, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997 dan pemilihan umum terakhir diadakan di 7 Juni 1999. Indonesians vote for representatives at three levels: the House of Representatives (DPR), the provincial assemblies (DPRD-I) and regency assemblies (DPRD-II). Memilih wakil-wakil Indonesia pada tiga tingkatan: Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR), majelis provinsi (DPRD I) dan Kabupaten majelis (DPRD II). Every citizens of Indonesia has the right to cast his/her vote in the election. Setiap warga negara Indonesia mempunyai hak untuk melemparkan suaranya dalam pemilihan. Political parties in Indonesia were simplified in 1973. Partai politik di Indonesia disederhanakan pada tahun 1973.
Since that time until the general election of 1997, there were two political parties, the United Development Party (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan) and the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI), plus the Functional Group (Golkar). Sejak saat itu hingga pemilihan umum tahun 1997, ada dua partai politik, Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan) dan Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI), ditambah Golongan Karya (Golkar). Golkar emerged as the winning party at every election ever held during the New Order Government. Golkar muncul sebagai partai pemenang di setiap pemilu yang diselenggarakan selama Orde Baru Pemerintah.
Indonesia's eight general election held in June 7, 1999 was the first general election in the Reform Order Cabinet under the President BJ Habibie administration. Indonesia delapan pemilihan umum diadakan pada 7 Juni 1999 adalah pemilihan umum pertama di Orde Reformasi Kabinet di bawah pemerintahan Presiden BJ Habibie. Forty-eight (48) political parties contested the election, under the observation of both domestic and international observers and great coverage of a free press. Empat puluh delapan (48) partai politik ikut serta dalam pemilu, di bawah pengamatan baik domestik dan internasional besar pengamat dan jangkauan pers bebas. It was noted as the most democratic and transparent general election in Indonesia. Itu tercatat sebagai yang paling demokratis dan transparan pemilihan umum di Indonesia. People were to choose 462 legislators from at least 10,500 candidates from 48 political parties to represent them at the 500-member House Representatives. Orang-orang untuk memilih 462 legislator dari setidaknya 10.500 calon dari 48 partai politik untuk mewakili mereka di 500 anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat. The remaining 38 seats have been allocated to the military, whose members have relinquished their rights to vote. 38 kursi yang tersisa telah dialokasikan ke militer, yang anggota-anggotanya telah melepaskan hak mereka untuk memilih.
The result of 1999 General Election are: Indonesian Democratic Party for Struggle (PDI-Perjuangan) on top of the list followed by its four contenders: the Golkar Party, the National Awakening Part) fPKB). Hasil Pemilu Tahun 1999 adalah: untuk Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (PDI-Perjuangan) di atas daftar diikuti dengan empat pesaing: Partai Golkar, Bagian Kebangkitan Nasional) fPKB). the United Development Party fPPP) and the National Mandate (PKB), the United Development Party (PPP) a Party (PAN). Partai Persatuan Pembangunan fPPP) dan Amanat Nasional (PKB), Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP) Partai (PAN). Law No. 3 of 1999 on General Election Based on MPR Decree No. XIV/MPR/1998 concerning Amendment and Supplement of MPR Decree No. 111/MPR/1998 on General Elections, a general election is held democratically and transparently based on the principle of being just, fair, direct, general, free, and secret. Undang-undang Nomor 3 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemilihan Umum Berdasarkan Ketetapan MPR Nomor XIV/MPR/1998 tentang Perubahan dan Tambahan Ketetapan MPR Nomor 111/MPR/1998 tentang Pemilu, pemilihan umum diselenggarakan secara demokratis dan transparan berdasarkan prinsip menjadi adil, adil, langsung, umum, bebas, dan rahasia.
Law No .3 of 1999 stipulates the aim of general election is to elect people to sit in the people's consultative institution/ representations, to form a government, to continue the struggle to fill up the ideals of independence, and to maintain the integrity the state of the Republic of Indonesia. UU No ,3 Tahun 1999 menetapkan tujuan pemilu adalah untuk memilih orang-orang untuk duduk di lembaga permusyawaratan rakyat / representasi, untuk membentuk pemerintahan, melanjutkan perjuangan untuk mengisi cita-cita kemerdekaan, dan untuk menjaga keutuhan negara Republik Indonesia. The system of election is a proportional system based on the list mechanism. Sistem pemilihan proporsional adalah sistem yang didasarkan pada mekanisme daftar. The number of DPR seats in each electoral region is decided on the basis on the number of population in the first level region, with the stipulation that each second level region will get at least one se. Jumlah kursi DPR di setiap daerah pemilihan ditetapkan berdasarkan pada jumlah penduduk di daerah tingkat pertama, dengan ketentuan bahwa setiap tingkat kedua daerah akan mendapatkan setidaknya satu se. Then the number of DPR seats in each electoral region is decided the General Election Commission (KPU). Maka jumlah kursi DPR di setiap daerah pemilihan ditentukan Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU). The number of seats in a Provincial Legislative Assembly (DPRD is a minimum of 45 and a maximum of 100 depending upon the number of population in the first level region (province). Then, each second level region (district or municipality) will get at least one DPRD-I seat. The number of DPRD-II (District or Municipality Assembly) seats is a minimum of 20 and a maximum of 45, depending on the number of population in the second level region. Every sub-district will get at lest one DPRD-II seat. Jumlah kursi di DPR Daerah (DPRD adalah minimal 45 dan maksimal 100, tergantung dari jumlah penduduk di tingkat pertama wilayah (provinsi). Lalu, masing-masing daerah tingkat dua (kabupaten atau kota) akan mendapatkan di setidaknya satu kursi DPRD I. Jumlah DPRD II (Kabupaten atau Kotamadya Majelis) kursi adalah minimal 20 dan maksimal 45, tergantung pada jumlah penduduk di daerah tingkat dua. Setiap sub-distrik akan mendapatkan pada agar satu kursi DPRD II.
General Elections are implemented by the independent Ger Election Commission (KPU), consisting of political parties participating in the General Election and government representatives who responsible to the President. The working period of the electoral committee (KPU) for the 1999 General Election will end one year before the 2004 General Election. Pemilihan Umum dilaksanakan oleh Komisi Pemilihan Ger independen (KPU), yang terdiri dari partai politik peserta Pemilihan Umum dan wakil pemerintah yang bertanggung jawab kepada Presiden. Masa kerja panitia pemilihan (KPU) untuk Pemilu 1999 akan berakhir satu setahun sebelum Pemilu 2004. To control General Elections implementation, the Supervisory Committee is established at Central. Untuk mengontrol pelaksanaan Pemilihan Umum, Panitia Pengawas dibentuk di Central. Provincial. Provinsi. District/Regency and Subdistrict level. Kabupaten / Kabupaten dan tingkat Kecamatan. The composition of the Supervisory Committee is determined by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court for the Central Level, the Chairman of Provincial Court of Appeals for the First Level, the Chief Judge of the District Court for the Second and Subdistrict Levels. Komposisi Komite Pengawas ditentukan oleh Hakim Ketua Mahkamah Agung untuk Tingkat Pusat, Ketua Pengadilan Tinggi Provinsi untuk Tingkat Pertama, Hakim Ketua Pengadilan Negeri untuk Tingkat II dan Kecamatan.
Domestic and foreign monitoring institutes should register with the KPU. Domestik dan lembaga monitoring asing harus mendaftar dengan KPU. Some of monitoring institutes: University Network for a Free and Fair Election (UNFREL). Beberapa lembaga pemantauan: Jaringan Universitas untuk Pemilu Bebas dan Adil (UNFREL). Rector Forum, European Union Carter Center, National Assembly for Monitoring Free and Fair Election/NAMFREL (the Philippines). Forum Rektor, Uni Eropa Carter Center, Majelis Nasional untuk Pemantauan Pemilu Bebas dan Adil / NAMFREL (Filipina). The relationship and organization among the monitoring bodies and KPU as well as the Organizing Committees from the Central Level down to the Polling Stations (TPS). Hubungan dan organisasi antara badan-badan pemantauan dan KPU serta Komite dari Penyelenggara Tingkat Pusat ke TPS (TPS). is further regulated by the Supreme Court in coordination with KPU. diatur lebih lanjut oleh Mahkamah Agung dalam koordinasi dengan KPU.
THE 1999 MPR GENERAL SESSION THE 1999 MPR UMUM SESI
The 1999 General session of the People's consultative Assembly (MPR) was held in two stages. 1999 Jenderal sidang Majelis permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR) diselenggarakan dalam dua tahap. October 1-3 and October 14-21. 1-3 Oktober dan 14-21 Oktober. The Assembly commenced its activities with inauguration of new members, establishment of factions, election of its speaker, and formation of the executive committee. Majelis memulai kegiatannya dengan pelantikan anggota baru, pembentukan fraksi, pemilihan para pembicara, dan pembentukan komite eksekutif.
During the Plenary Session, the MPR established 11 (eleven) factions, namely those of the Love the nation Democratic Party (F-PDKB), the Indonesian Military and National Police (F-TNI/POLRI), the National Awakening Party (F-PDKB), the Interest Group (F-UG). Selama Sidang Paripurna, MPR didirikan 11 (sebelas) fraksi, yaitu orang-orang dari bangsa Cinta Partai Demokrat (F-PDKB), Militer Indonesia dan Polisi Nasional (F-TNI/POLRI), Partai Kebangkitan Nasional (F - PDKB), yang Interest Group (F-UG). the Golkar Party of Reform (F-PG), Reformation (F-Reform), the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (F-PDIP), the Crescent Moon and Star (F-BB), Indonesian Nationhood, United people's Sovereignty (F-PDU) and United Development (F-PP) In this first stage the Session elected Amin Rais (chairman of National Mandate Party) as Speaker of the People's Consultative Assembly 1999-2004 and installed seven deputy speakers who are H. Matory Abduidjalil (F-PKB), Hari Sabarno (F-TNI/POLRI), Ginanjar Kartasasmita (F-PG), Kwik Klan Gie (F-PDIP), Nazri Adiani (F-UG), HusniThamrin (F-PP), and JusufAmir Feisal (F-BB). Partai Golkar Reformasi (F-PG), Reformasi (F-Reformasi), Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (F-PDIP), Crescent Bulan dan Bintang (F-BB), Kebangsaan Indonesia, Amerika orang Kedaulatan (F - PDU) dan Persatuan Pembangunan (F-PP) Pada tahap pertama ini terpilih Sidang Amin Rais (Ketua Partai Amanat Nasional) sebagai Ketua MPR 1999-2004 dan dipasang tujuh wakil pembicara yang Matory H. Abduidjalil (F - PKB), Hari Sabarno (F-TNI/POLRI), Ginanjar Kartasasmita (F-PG), Kwik Klan Gie (F-PDIP), Nazri Adiani (F-UG), HusniThamrin (F-PP), dan JusufAmir Feisal (F -BB).
At the conclusion of its session, on October 20 and 21, the People's consultative Assembly elected the President and vice-president of the Republic of Indonesia for the period of 1999-2004. Pada kesimpulan dari sesi, pada 20 Oktober dan 21, para konsultatif Majelis Rakyat terpilih sebagai Presiden dan wakil presiden Republik Indonesia untuk periode 1999-2004. Prior to this important task, the session reviewed the accountability address of the outgoing President Habibie which was delivered before the Assembly on October 14. Sebelum tugas penting ini, sidang memeriksa alamat akuntabilitas keluar Presiden Habibie yang disampaikan sebelum Majelis pada tanggal 14 Oktober. In his address Habibie listed the release of political prisoners and a freedom of expression for the people and the press as stronger macroeconomic indicators of his achievement during his leadership. Dalam sambutannya Habibie terdaftar pembebasan tahanan politik dan kebebasan berekspresi bagi masyarakat dan pers sebagai indikator makroekonomi yang lebih kuat atas prestasinya selama kepemimpinannya. Yet, the report failed to mention the failings that dogged his administration. Habibie was given the chance to respond to his critics, but his last effort failed to appease the majority of the Assembly. Namun, laporan gagal untuk menyebutkan kelemahan yang melingkupi pemerintahannya. Habibie diberi kesempatan untuk menanggapi kritik, namun upaya terakhir gagal untuk memenuhi tuntutan mayoritas Majelis.
The accountability address was rejected and Habibie withdrew from his presidential nomination as a candidate from Golkar Party. Alamat pertanggungjawaban Habibie ditolak dan mundur dari pencalonan presiden sebagai calon dari Partai Golkar. Until shortly before the presidential election there were four candidates for presidency: Megawati Soekarnoputri of Indonesia democratic Party of Struggle (PDIP). Abdurrahman Wahid who was nomi-nated by the so called "Axis Force' (alliance of Moslem-based parties and the National Mandate Party). Akbar Tandjung Golkar Party chairman and Yusril lhza Mahendra Crescent moon and Star Party chairman. Yet. before the start of balloting Akbar Tandjung and Yusril lhxa Mahendra withdrew from their nomination. Hingga tak lama sebelum pemilihan presiden ada empat calon presiden: Megawati Soekarnoputri dari Partai demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (PDIP). Abdurrahman Wahid yang ditunjuk oleh nomi-apa yang disebut "Axis Force '(aliansi partai-partai berbasis Islam dan National Partai Amanat). Akbar Tandjung Partai Golkar lhza ketua dan Yusril Mahendra Crescent bulan dan ketua Partai Bintang. Namun. sebelum dimulainya pemungutan suara Akbar Tandjung dan Yusril Mahendra lhxa mundur dari pencalonan mereka.
With only two candidates remaining, the Assembly split its support for Megawati and Abdurrahman Wahid. Dengan hanya dua kandidat yang tersisa, majelis terpecah dukungannya untuk Megawati dan Abdurrahman Wahid. KH. KH. Abdurrahman Wahid, better known as Gus Dur indisputably became Indonesia's fourth President when he secured 373 votes out of the total 691. Abdurrahman Wahid, yang lebih dikenal sebagai Gus Dur diragukan lagi menjadi Presiden Indonesia yang keempat ketika dia mendapatkan 373 suara dari total 691. With five abstentions Megawati obtained 313 votes.The newly elected 59 year old President, and internationally acclaimed moderate Moslem leader, is one of the National Awakening Party founders. Dengan lima abstain Megawati diperoleh 313 votes.The baru terpilih 59 tahun Presiden, dan diakui dunia internasional pemimpin Islam moderat, adalah salah satu pendiri Partai Kebangkitan Nasional. He started his political career when in 1984 he was elected chairman of the Nahdiatui Ulama Islamic Organization. Ia memulai karir politiknya pada tahun 1984 ketika ia terpilih menjadi ketua Nahdiatui Organisasi Ulama Islam. The Vice-presidential election which took place on the last day of the session listed four candidates. Wakil pemilihan presiden yang berlangsung pada hari terakhir dari sesi tercantum empat calon. Megawati Soekarnoputri, Hamzah Haz United Development Party (PP) chairman. Megawati Soekarnoputri, Hamzah Haz Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PP) ketua. Akbar Tandjung Golkar Party Chairman and Gen. Wiranto Indonesian Military (TNI) chief. Partai Golkar Akbar Tandjung Ketua dan Jenderal Wiranto Militer Indonesia (TNI) chief. Shortly before the balloting. Tak lama sebelum pemungutan suara. Akbar Tanjung and Wiranto dropped out of the race. Akbar Tanjung dan Wiranto keluar dari perlombaan.
After a dramatic counting of votes Megawati Soekarnoputri (PDI-P) came out as the country's eighth vice-president with 396 votes of a total 685. Setelah penghitungan suara dramatis Megawati Soekarnoputri (PDI-P) keluar sebagai negara yang kedelapan wakil presiden dengan 396 suara dari total 685. There were five abstentions, thus Hamzah Haz obtained 284. Ada lima abstain, demikian Hamzah Haz diperoleh 284.
Aside from the elections of Indonesia's President and vice-president. the assembly, based on article 37 of the 1945 constitution. Terlepas dari pemilihan umum di Indonesia Presiden dan wakil presiden. Perakitan, berdasarkan pasal 37 UUD 1945. amended Article 5 clause (1), article 7, article 9, article 13 clause (2), article 14, article 15, article 17 clause (2) and (3), Article 20 and Article 21 of the 1945 constitution. diamandemen Pasal 5 ayat (1), pasal 7, pasal 9, pasal 13 ayat (2), pasal 14, pasal 15, pasal 17 ayat (2) dan (3), Pasal 20 dan Pasal 21 dalam UUD 1945. In the meantime, the House of People's Representatives has elected Akbar Tandjung chairman of the House with four deputies, namely Soetardjo Soerjogoeritno, Hamzah Haz, Khofifah Indar Parawansa and AM. Sementara itu, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Akbar Tandjung telah terpilih sebagai ketua DPR dengan empat deputi, yaitu Soetardjo Soerjogoeritno, Hamzah Haz, Khofifah Indar Parawansa dan AM. Fatwa. Fatwa.
The House of Representatives also endorsed the job description of its 500 members who are grouped to work in nine commission: DPR juga mendukung deskripsi pekerjaan dari 500 anggota yang dikelompokkan untuk bekerja dalam sembilan komisi:
Commission I on Defense, Security, and Foreign Affair; Komisi I Pertahanan, Keamanan, dan Luar Negeri;
Commission II on Law and Home Affairs Komisi II Hukum dan Negeri
Commission III on Agriculture and Food Komisi III Pertanian dan Pangan
Commission IV on Transportation and Infrastructure Komisi IV pada Transportasi dan Infrastruktur
Commission V on Industry and Trade Komisi V pada Perindustrian dan Perdagangan
Commission VI on Religion and Human Resources Komisi VI pada Agama dan Sumber Daya Manusia
Commission VII on Population and Welfare Komisi VII tentang Kependudukan dan Kesejahteraan
Commission VIII on Mining and Energy Komisi VIII pada Pertambangan dan Energi
Commission IX on Finance and Development Planning Komisi IX Keuangan dan Perencanaan Pembangunan
The General Session adopted nine decrees: Sidang Umum mengadopsi sembilan dekrit:
1. 1. Decree No. 1/MPR/1999 concerning the Fifth amendment of the Decree No. Keputusan Nomor 1/MPR/1999 tentang perubahan Kelima Keputusan No 1/MPR/1983 on the Assembly's internal rules. Majelis 1/MPR/1983 pada aturan internal. The new decree stipulates that the Assembly leadership comprise one speaker and a maximum of seven deputies who represent the political party factions that meets electoral threshold, Armed Forces/National police, and the various interest groups. Keputusan baru menetapkan bahwa MPR terdiri atas satu pembicara kepemimpinan dan tidak lebih dari tujuh deputi yang mewakili fraksi-fraksi partai politik yang memenuhi electoral threshold, TNI / Polisi Nasional, dan berbagai kelompok-kelompok kepentingan.
2. 2. Decree No. 11/MPR/1999 on MPR Internal rules include the tasks of the Assembly's speaker and working committee, member's immunity, decision making process, constitution amendment, the broad outlines of the State policy (GBHN) and the President's accountability report. Ketetapan MPR No 11/MPR/1999 pada aturan internal meliputi tugas-tugas MPR pembicara dan panitia kerja, anggota kekebalan, proses pengambilan keputusan, amandemen konstitusi, yang lebar garis besar kebijakan Negara (GBHN) dan laporan pertanggungjawaban Presiden.
3. 3. Decree No. 111/MPR/1999 on the Accountability of Indonesial President Prof. Keputusan No 111/MPR/1999 pada Indonesial Akuntabilitas Presiden Prof Dr. Ing. Dr Ing. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie stipulate; that Habibie's accountability address before the I 1th Plenary Session on October 17, 1999 was rejected by the Assembly. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie menetapkan, bahwa alamat akuntabilitas Habibie sebelum Sidang Paripurna 1th saya pada 17 Oktober 1999 ditolak oleh Majelis.
4. 4. Decree No. IV/MPR/1999 on the Broad Outlines of the State Policy (GBHN) for the period of 1999-2004 consist of: Introduction General Condition, Vision and Mission, Policy implementation and Closing. Keputusan No Broad IV/MPR/1999 tentang Garis-garis Besar Haluan Negara (GBHN) untuk periode 1999-2004 terdiri dari: Pendahuluan Kondisi Umum, Visi dan Misi, Kebijakan pelaksanaan dan Penutupan.
5. 5. Decree No.V/MPR/999 concerning East Timor Balloting. Keputusan No.V/MPR/999 pemungutan suara mengenai Timor Timur. The MPI endorses the result of the August 30 ballot, and relinquish East Timor after 23 years integration with Indonesia. The MPI mendukung hasil pemungutan suara pada tanggal 30 Agustus, dan melepaskan Timor Timur setelah 23 tahun integrasi dengan Indonesia.
6. 6. Decree No.VI/MPR/1999 regulates the nomination and election of the President and vice-president. Keputusan No.VI/MPR/1999 mengatur pencalonan dan pemilihan Presiden dan wakil presiden. The next president/Vice President should win the support of the majority of the people, are not involved in banned organisations, are not serving a jail sentence are mentally healthy, and have the vision to maintain the nation's unity. Presiden berikutnya / Vice President harus memenangkan dukungan dari mayoritas rakyat, tidak terlibat dalam organisasi terlarang, tidak menjalani hukuman penjara secara mental sehat, dan memiliki visi untuk mempertahankan kesatuan bangsa.
7. 7. Decree no. Keputusan no. VIII/MPR/1999 stipulates the designation of KH Abdurrahman Wahid as president of the Republic of Indonesia for the five year period of 1999-2004. VIII/MPR/1999 menetapkan penunjukan KH Abdurrahman Wahid sebagai presiden Republik Indonesia untuk periode lima tahun 1999-2004.
8. 8. Decree No. VII/MPR/1999 stipulates the designation of Megawati Soekarnoputri as vice-president of the Republic of Indonesia for the five year period of 1999-2004. Keputusan No VII/MPR/1999 menetapkan penunjukan Megawati Soekarnoputri sebagai wakil presiden Republik Indonesia untuk periode lima tahun 1999-2004.
9. 9. Decree no. Keputusan no. IX/MPR/1999 assigns the MPR Working Committee to continue the amendment of the 1945 of Constitution IX/MPR/1999 menugaskan Badan Pekerja MPR untuk melanjutkan amandemen UUD 1945 Konstitusi - EAST TIMOR QUESTION TIMOR TIMUR PERTANYAAN
With the advent of World War II the Japanese ousted both the Dutch and Portuguese from Timor, as well as from the rest of Indonesia. Dengan munculnya Perang Dunia II digulingkan Jepang baik Belanda dan Portugis dari Timor, juga dari daerah lain di Indonesia. When Japan surrendered to the allied forces in 1945, Indonesians proclaimed the independence of their country which covers the areas of the former Netherlands East Indies. Ketika Jepang menyerah kepada pasukan sekutu di tahun 1945, Indonesia memproklamasikan kemerdekaan negara mereka yang meliputi wilayah bekas Hindia Belanda.
In the mean time, East Timor was returned to the Portuguese by the Allied Forces after the war and the people stayed colonized. Sementara itu, Timor Timur dikembalikan ke Portugis oleh Sekutu setelah perang dan orang-orang tetap terjajah. They had made several attempts to fight the Portuguese and join Indonesia, but they were suppressed by the colonial regime. Mereka telah melakukan beberapa upaya untuk memerangi Portugis dan bergabung dengan Indonesia, tapi mereka ditindas oleh rezim kolonial. Not until 1974 did the Portuguese give them a chance to decide their own political future. Tidak hingga 1974 melakukan Portugis memberi mereka kesempatan untuk memutuskan masa depan politik mereka sendiri. In a statement on May 28, 1974, the Governor of Portuguese Timor, Colonel Fernando Alves Aldela, granted the people permission to form political parties. Dalam sebuah pernyataan pada 28 Mei 1974, Gubernur Timor Portugis, Kolonel Fernando Alves Aldela, orang-orang yang diberi izin untuk membentuk partai politik.
The response was the emergence of five political parties - UDT (Uniao Democratica Timorese), FRETILIN (Frente Revolucionaria de Timor Leste Independent), APODETI (Associacao Popular Democratica de Timor), KOTA (Klibur Oan Timur Aswain) and TRABALHISTA (Labor Party). Through lack of popular support, FRETILIN resorted to terror tactics, threats and blackmail in an attempt to intimidate members of the other parties. This caused growing tension throughout the colony and sparked an inevitable civil war.
On August 27, 1975, the Governor and other Portuguese officials abandoned the capital of Dili. fled to Atauro Island and left FRETILIN free to continue its reign of terror. FRETILIN was even supplied with arms from the Portuguese army arsenal. On November 28 of the same year, FRETILIN unilaterally "declared the independence" of East Timor and announced the formation of "the Democratic Republic of East Timor". In the light of these developments, on November 30, 1975, at Balibo, UDT, APODETI, KOTA and TRABALHISTA proclaimed the independence of the territory and its simultaneous integration with Indonesia.
On December 17, 1975, the four parties announced the establishment of the Provisional Government of East Timor in Dili. On May 31, 1976, the duly elected People's Assembly of East Timor decided in an open session to formally integrate the territory with the Republic of Indonesia. A bill on this integration was approved by the Indonesian House of Representatives on July 15, 1976 and, with the promulgation by the President, became Law on July 17. East Timor has since been the 27'h province of Indonesia with all the rights and duties under the 1945 Constitution of the Republic.
The search for solution of the East Timor issue entered a new round after President BJ Habibie on June 18, 1998 proposed the special status with wide-ranging autonomy to East Timor as the complete formula of solution. This was valued for East Timor as the complete formula of solution and was valued by Secretary General of the United Nations as a positive development which need follow up. For further action, the UN Secretary General held a tripartite dialogue meeting between Indonesian and the Portuguese Foreign Ministers under the auspices of the UN Secretary General in New York on 4-5 August, 1998, to discuss officially the Indonesian proposal.
In that meeting, both countries had agreed to continue discussing the Indonesian proposal at higher official levels without influencing the basic position of both sides. They also agreed that the UN Secretary General would continue consulting with East Timorese prominent leaders and groups living in East Timor and abroad. The consultation was aimed at explaining about the discussion progress on East Timor issue in the Tripartite Dialogue and for a solution.
The New York meeting also agreed to open Interest Section in respective capitals on November 27. 1998. 1998. namely, Interest Section of Indonesia at the Embassy of Thailand in Lisbon and Interest Section of the Portuguese at the Embassy of the Netherlands in Jakarta. This step was taken to enhance the sense of confidence and understanding each other in order to help smooth visits between both countries.
Concerning the proposal for a Special Status to East Timor, the attitude of Indonesian government has been clearly stated as follows:
a. a. The Indonesian government is prepared to give special status with wide-ranging autonomy to East Timor as part of the final solution on the East Timor Issue, which is considered fair and acceptable by concerned parties. Therefore, Indonesia agreed to discuss substantive elements of wide-ranging autonomy to East Timor in the Tripartite Dialogue Meeting conducted under the auspices of the UN Secretary General.
b. b. Indonesia holds the opinion that in view of historical, political. cultural, social and geographical factors as well as condition related to East Timor issue, to give special status with wide-ranging autonomy for East Timor as part of the Republic of Indonesia is tne most realistic and viable solution for the East Timor issue and it has the most peaceful prospects. On the other hand. Di sisi lain. in view of historical couurse, which is full of disturbances and shed of bloodshed. the proposal of referendum for East Timor will only re-open old wounds and trigger armed-disputes and conflicts and even raise dissension of civil-war.
c. c. Mentioned autonomy government tor East Timor WTII have extensive freedom to manage its government and people in the political, economic, social, cultural and religious sectors in accordance with East Timorese aspirations, except the aspects of: (1) external defense: (2) foreign policy: (3) monetary and fiscal affairs.
The special status with extensive autonomy will not be practiced unilaterally by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia, but it will be realized after it has been discussed and agreed jointly with the Portuguese through the Tripartite Dialogue. It is expected that this effort will be explicitly recognized as the formula of solution for the East Timor issue and will end the conflicts between Indonesia and the Portuguese on the political status of East Timor. In other words the special status with extensive autonomy becomes the progress of Indonesian attitude and reflects an honest and strong wish of the Indonesian government to solve the East Timor issue by taking middle ground and accommodate certain sides that have been opposing the integration.
The sincerity of the Indonesian government in the effort to seek peaceful solution acceptable by all sides was again performed by the issuance of Decision of Plenary Cabinet Session on January 27, 1999, on what was called "the second option" namely: If the proposal for a special status with wide-ranging autonomy is rejected by the majority of East Timor People, the government will propose an option to the newly elected MPR General Session to separate East Timor from Indonesia peacefully, respectfully and constitutionally.
The Plenary Cabinet Session of May 3, 1999. also ratified the three agreements concerning East Timor, resulted from Tripartite Dialogue:
1. 1. Principal agreement between Indonesia and the Portuguese government. including its annex in the form of constitutional frame of special autonomy for East Timor:
2. 2. Agreement on implementation modality of autonomy ballot for East Timor; o Agreement on security arrangement. This agreement plus its annex was signed by Indonesia and the Portuguese and witnessed by the UN Secretary General.
The government of Indonesia is committed to implement the contents of the signed agreements. In this relation, the outcome of the implementation as well as process of ballot taking by East Timor people will be very much decided by the capability of the Indonesian Armed Forces, especially POLRI (Indonesian Police), in keeping and guaranteeing security and stability, including the safety of the UN personnel in East Timor who are participating in the preparations of the ballot on August 30 to determine whether the population accepts Jakarta's for offer autonomy.
The New York Agreement, dated May 5, 1999. contains the truth perception and attitude of the Indonesian policy mentioned that the special status with the wide-ranging autonomy for East Timor is a better and peaceful way to solve the East Timor problems for the sake of East Timorese. the Indonesian people as well as peace and security in the area, which would contribute to world peace as a whole. The signing of the treaty concerning the special autonomy for East Timor with its two complementary agreements was a historical milestone for the solution of the East Timor problems.
That event was the culmination of Indonesian Government's diplomacy efforts to reach solution on international related matters. It also gave directions to East Timor to consider taking ballots of the East Timorese concerning the special autonomy package in accordance with the agreement reached by Tripartite Dialogue.
In August 30, 1999, the East Timorese cast their votes in a large peaceful direct ballot. The ballot was conducted by the UNAMET (United Mission in East Timor) under the agreement reached by lndonesia and Portugal. Over 80% of the 451,000 registered voters turned out at pollir booth. Meanwhile those of East Timorese living outside the provini thronged to polling stations across the country, ie Yogyakarta Ujungpandang, Surabaya and Denpasar. The official announcement, made simultaneously on September 1999, in New York, Lisbon and Jakarta.
The pro-independence group won by a landslide of 78.5% against 21.5% grabbed by supporters the integration/autonomy camp. The votes considered valid were 438,968 of the total 446,953 cast votes.
The result of the ballot has shown that the East Timorese have rejected an offer by the Government for wide-ranging autonomy within Indonesia and from an independent state.
After almost two and half decades of conflict, this territory new stands on the threshold of independence one an orderly and peaceful transition period has taken place. However the violence and rampaged perpetrated by anti independence force as a protest against the outcome of the referendum occurred. It caused the UN personnel evacuated from East Timor, followed by foreign and Indonesian journalist.
Meanwhile thousands refugees flee their homes in East Timor. Indonesia, which under the May 5, 1999 agreement is responsible for the security arrangement in East Timor, has come under strong criticism for its failure to promote peace and order in the run-up and after the ballot. Considering the high tension of anarchy in East Timor following the announcement of the ballot results and facing the strong international pressure on handling violence in East Timor, President BJ Habibie announced the Indonesian government's readiness to accept a United Nation peacekeeping force, the International Force for East Timor (Interfet), to the troubled territory.
The UN peacekeeping force, coming from friendly nation, would work in cooperation with the Indonesian military (TNI) to restore peace and security in East Timor, to protect the people, and to implement the result of the direct ballot of the 30th of August 1999. Through the Decree No.V/MPR/999, Indonesian People Consultative Assembly (MPR) endorses the result of the August 30 ballot, and relinquish East Timor after 23 years integration with Indonesia.
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